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The Modern History of Art Therapy in the United States Pdf

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Architectural, interior, product, and graphic design of the mid-20th century

Mid-century modern architecture
California Mid-Century Modern Home with open-beam ceiling 1960.jpg

Tract domicile in Tujunga, California, featuring open-beamed ceilings, c. 1960
Years active 1945–1969
Country United States
Influences International, Bauhaus

Mid-century modern (MCM) is an American design movement in interior, product, graphic design, architecture, and urban development that was popular from roughly 1945 to 1969,[1] [2] during the United States's post–Earth State of war II menstruation. The term was used descriptively every bit early equally the mid-1950s and was defined as a blueprint movement by Cara Greenberg in her 1984 book Mid-Century Modernistic: Furniture of the 1950s. It is now recognized by scholars and museums worldwide as a significant design movement. The MCM blueprint aesthetic is modernistic in style and construction, aligned with the Modernist movement of the menstruum. It is typically characterized by clean, simple lines and honest use of materials, and it generally does non include decorative embellishments.

Architecture [edit]

The Mid-century modern move in the U.S. was an American reflection of the International and Bauhaus movements, including the works of Gropius, Florence Knoll, Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[iii] Although the American component was slightly more than organic in form and less formal than the International Mode, it is more firmly related to it than any other. Brazilian and Scandinavian architects were very influential at this fourth dimension, with a way characterized by clean simplicity and integration with nature. Like many of Wright's designs, Mid-century architecture was frequently employed in residential structures with the goal of bringing modernism into America's postal service-war suburbs. This manner emphasized creating structures with ample windows and open floor plans, with the intention of opening up interior spaces and bringing the outdoors in. Many Mid-century houses utilized and so-groundbreaking post and beam architectural design that eliminated beefy back up walls in favor of walls seemingly made of glass. Function was as important as course in Mid-century designs, with an emphasis placed on targeting the needs of the average American family.

In Europe, the influence of Le Corbusier and the CIAM resulted in an architectural orthodoxy manifest beyond most parts of mail-war Europe that was ultimately challenged by the radical agendas of the architectural wings of the avant-garde Situationist International, COBRA, besides as Archigram in London. A critical just sympathetic reappraisal of the internationalist oeuvre, inspired by Scandinavian Moderns such every bit Alvar Aalto, Sigurd Lewerentz and Arne Jacobsen, and the late piece of work of Le Corbusier himself, was reinterpreted past groups such as Team X, including structuralist architects such equally Aldo van Eyck, Ralph Erskine, Denys Lasdun, Jørn Utzon and the motion known in the United Kingdom as New Brutalism.

Pioneering builder and existent estate programmer Joseph Eichler was instrumental in bringing Mid-century modern compages ("Eichler Homes") to subdivisions in the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay region of California, and select housing developments on the east coast. George Fred Keck, his brother Willam Keck, Henry P. Drinking glass, Mies van der Rohe, and Edward Humrich created Mid-century mod residences in the Chicago area. Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth Business firm is extremely difficult to heat or cool, while Keck and Keck were pioneers in the incorporation of passive solar features in their houses to recoup for their large glass windows.

Mid-century modern in Palm Springs [edit]

The urban center of Palm Springs, California is noted for its many examples of Mid-century modern architecture.[4] [5] [6] [7] [viii] [9] [10] [ excessive citations ]

Architects include:[11] [12]

  • Welton Becket: Bullock's Palm Springs (with Wurdeman) (1947) (demolished, 1996[13])
  • John Porter Clark: Welwood Murray Library (1937); Clark Residence (1939) (on the El Minador golf grade); Palm Springs Women's Order (1939)
  • William F. Cody: Stanley Goldberg residence;[14] Del Marcos Motel (1947); L'Horizon Hotel, for Jack Wrather and Bonita Granville (1952); remodel of Thunderbird Land Lodge clubhouse (c. 1953) (Rancho Mirage); Tamarisk Country Club (1953) (Rancho Mirage) (at present remodeled); Huddle Springs eating house (1957); St. Theresa Parish Church (1968); Palm Springs Library (1975)
  • Craig Ellwood: Max Palevsky House (1970)
  • Albert Frey: Palm Springs Urban center Hall (with Clark and Chambers) (1952–57); Palm Springs Fire Station #1 (1955); Tramway Gas Station (1963); Movie Colony Hotel; Kocher-Samson Building (1934) (with A. Lawrence Kocher); Raymond Loewy House (1946); Villa Hermosa Resort (1946); Frey House I (1953); Frey House II (1963); Carey-Pirozzi house (1956); Christian Scientist Church (1957); Alpha Beta Shopping Center (1960) (demolished)
  • Victor Gruen: Metropolis National Bank (now Banking company of America) (1959)[fifteen] (designed as an homage to the Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, past Le Corbusier)
  • A. Quincy Jones: Palm Springs Tennis Society (with Paul R. Williams) (1946); Town & Land Center (with Paul R. Williams) (1947–50); J.J. Robinson Business firm (with Frederick E. Emmons) (1957); Ambassador and Mrs. Walter H. Annenberg House (with Frederick E. Emmons) (1963)
  • William Krisel:[16] Ocotillo Lodge(1957); House of Tomorrow(1962).[17]
  • John Lautner: Desert Hot Springs Motel (1947); Arthur Elrod House (1968) (interiors used in filming James Bond's Diamonds Are Forever); Promise Residence (1973)
  • John Black Lee: Specialized in residential houses. Lee House 1 (1952), Lee House two (1956) for which he won the Award of Merit from the American Institute of Architects, Mean solar day House (1965), * System House (1961), Rogers House (1957), Ravello (1960)
  • Factor Leedy: The Sarasota School of Compages, sometimes chosen Sarasota Modern, is a regional manner of post-war architecture that emerged on Florida'southward Central West Coast.
  • Frederick Monhoff: Palm Springs Biltmore Resort (1948) (demolished, 2003[13])
  • Richard Neutra (Posthumous AIA Gold Medal honoree): Grace Lewis Miller house (1937) (includes her Mensendlieck posture therapy studio);[18] Kaufmann Desert House (1946);[19] Samuel and Luella Maslon House, Tamarisk Country Club, Rancho Mirage (1962) (demolished 2003)[13]
  • William Pereira: Robinson'southward (1953)
  • William Gray Purcell (with protégé Van Evera Bailey): Purcell Firm (1933) (cubist modern)
  • Donald Wexler: Steel Developmental Houses,[20] Sunny View Bulldoze (1961). Dwelling developer, Alexander Homes, popularized this post-and-beam architectural manner in the Coachella Valley. Alexander houses and like homes characteristic low-pitched roofs, wide eaves, open up-beamed ceilings, and floor-to-ceiling windows.[vii] : 66–75
  • Eastward. Stewart Williams: Frank Sinatra Firm (1946) (with piano-shaped pool); Oasis commercial building (with interiors by Paul R. Williams) (1952); William and Marjorie Edris House (1954); Mari and Steward Williams Business firm (1956); Santa Atomic number 26 Federal Savings Building (1958); Coachella Valley Savings & Loan (at present Washington Mutual) (1960); Palm Springs Desert Museum (1976)
  • Paul Williams: Palm Springs Tennis Club (with Jones) (1946)
  • Frank Lloyd Wright Jr.: Oasis Hotel (1923)
  • Walter Wurdeman: Bullock's Palm Springs (with Welton Becket) (1947) (demolished 1996)[xiii]

Examples of 1950s Palm Springs motel architecture include Ballantines Movie Colony (1952) – one portion is the 1935 Albert Frey San Jacinto Hotel – the Coral Sands Inn (1952), and the Orbit Inn (1957).[21] Restoration projects have been undertaken to render many of these residences and businesses to their original status.[22]

Industrial pattern [edit]

Scandinavian design was very influential at this time, with a style characterized by simplicity, autonomous pattern and natural shapes. Glassware (Iittala – Finland), ceramics (Arabia – Finland), tableware (Georg Jensen – Kingdom of denmark), lighting (Poul Henningsen – Kingdom of denmark), and furniture (Danish modern) were some of the genres for the products created. In America, east of the Mississippi, the American-born Russel Wright, designing for Steubenville Pottery, and Hungarian-born Eva Zeisel designing for Red Wing Pottery and later Hall China created free-flowing ceramic designs that were much admired and heralded in the trend of smooth, flowing contours in dinnerware. On the W Coast of America the industrial designer and potter Edith Heath (1911–2005) founded Heath Ceramics in 1948. The visitor was 1 of the numerous California pottery manufacturers that had their heyday in mail service-war Us, and produced Mid-Century mod ceramic dish-ware. Edith Heath's "Coupe" line remains in demand and has been in constant production since 1948, with simply periodic changes to the texture and color of the glazes.[23]

[edit]

Printed ephemera documenting the mid-century transformations in design, architecture, landscape, infrastructure, and amusement include mid-century linen post cards from the early 1930s to the tardily 1950s. Mid-century linen post cards came about through innovations pioneered through the use of first lithography. The cards were produced on paper with a loftier rag content, which gave the post card a textured look and feel. At the time this was a less expensive procedure. Forth with advances in printing technique, mid-century linen postcards allowed for very vibrant ink colors. The encyclopedic geographic imagery of mid-century linen postal service cards suggests popular middle grade attitudes about nature, wilderness, engineering science, mobility and the metropolis during the mid-20th century.[24]

Curt Teich in Chicago[25] was the most prominent and largest printer and publisher of Linen Type postcards[26] pioneering lithography with his "Art Colortone" process.[27] Other large publishers include Stanley Piltz in San Francisco, who established the "Pictorial Wonderland Fine art Tone Series", Western Publishing and Novelty Company in Los Angeles and the Tichnor Brothers in Boston.[28] The press of mid-century linen post cards began to give way in the belatedly 1950s to Kodachrome and Ektachrome color prints.

Examples [edit]

Architecture [edit]

  • Helsinki, Finland – University of Technology – Auditorium, by Alvar Aalto

  • The 360 at Founders Plaza in Oklahoma City

  • UCI Langson Library, Irvine Ranch, California

  • Bullock'southward Pasadena, California, 1949

  • Adventkerk, The Hague, the Netherlands, past K.50. Sijmons, 1954

Furniture [edit]

Boosted notable architects, artists and designers [edit]

  • Gregory Ain
  • Alfons Bach[29]
  • Milo Baughman
  • Al Beadle
  • Robin Boyd
  • Marcel Breuer
  • Robert C. Broward
  • Jack Allen Charney
  • Victor Christ-Janer
  • William Curry
  • Edward D. Dart
  • Charles and Ray Eames
  • Joseph Eichler
  • Arthur Erickson
  • O'Neil Ford
  • Paul T. Frankl
  • Bertrand Goldberg
  • Max Gottschalk
  • Eileen Gray
  • Lawrence Halprin
  • Paul Hamilton
  • Taylor Hardwick
  • Ralph Haver
  • Finn Juhl
  • Vladimir Kagan
  • Louis Kahn
  • Poul Kjaerholm
  • Kaare Klint
  • Henry Klumb
  • Pierre Koenig
  • Florence Knoll
  • William Krisel
  • Mogens Lassen
  • Paul Laszlo
  • John Lautner
  • Roger Lee
  • Charles Luckman
  • Carl Maston
  • Cliff May
  • Paul McCobb
  • John Randal McDonald
  • Emil Milan
  • William Morgan
  • Børge Mogensen
  • George Nelson
  • Oscar Niemeyer
  • Svend Nielsen
  • Isamu Noguchi
  • Verner Panton
  • Tommi Parzinger
  • Adrian Pearsall
  • Walter Pierce
  • Warren Platner
  • Jean Prouvé
  • Ira Rakatansky
  • Jens Risom
  • Paul Rudolph
  • Eero Saarinen
  • Richard Schultz
  • Paul Schweikher
  • Harry Seidler
  • Avriel Shull
  • Mel Smilow
  • Maurice Thou. Smith
  • Alison and Peter Smithson
  • Raphael Soriano
  • Russell Spanner
  • Edward Durell Stone
  • Fine art Troutner
  • Ole Wanscher
  • Hans Wegner
  • David Weidman[thirty]
  • Russel Wright
  • Eva Zeisel

Encounter as well [edit]

  • Atomic Age
  • Butterfly roof
  • Example Study Houses
  • Danish modernistic
  • Dingbat
  • Googie architecture
  • Miami Mod architecture
  • Miller Business firm
  • Modern architecture
  • Modernism
  • Populuxe

References [edit]

  1. ^ "What Is Mid-Century Mod?". February ix, 2021.
  2. ^ "Agreement Mid-Century Modern and How To Use it in Your Home". September 29, 2017.
  3. ^ Jason Peterson (2014-02-01). "Designer Spotlight: Florence Knoll". Emfurn. Retrieved 2015-05-23 .
  4. ^ Wills, Eric (May–June 2008). "Palm Springs Eternal". Preservation. sixty (3): 38–45.
  5. ^ Cygelman, Adèle; David, Rosa (forrard); Glomb, David (photographs) (1999). Palm Springs Modern: Houses in the California Desert. New York: Rizzoli International. p. 192. ISBN0-8478-2091-2. LCCN 98048811.
  6. ^ Shulman, Julius; Stern, Michael; Hess, Alan (2008). Julius Shulman: Palm Springs. New York: Rizzoli International. p. 208. ISBN978-0-8478-3113-5. LCCN 2007933610.
  7. ^ a b Hess, Alan; Danish, Andrew (2001). Palm Springs Weekend: The Architecture and Design of a Midcentury Oasis. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 180. ISBN0811828042. LCCN 00024046.
  8. ^ Quinn, Bradley (2004). Mid-Century Modern: Interiors, Furniture, Blueprint Details. London: Conran Octopus. p. 176. ISBN978-1840914061.
  9. ^ Faibyshev, Dolly (2010). Palm Springs: Mid-Century Mod. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub. p. 112. ISBN9780764334610. LCCN 2010925309. OCLC 475457720.
  10. ^ "Desert Modernism Timeline". Palm Springs Modernistic Committee . Retrieved 15 Feb 2017.
  11. ^ Goldberger, Paul (May–June 2008). "The Modernist Manifesto". Preservation. 60 (3): 30–35.
  12. ^ "The Time: Modernistic: Highlights in the evolution of modernism in the Coachella Valley". Palm Springs Life. Palm Springs, CA. February 2007. Archived from the original on 2015-06-15.
  13. ^ a b c d "Lost: Maslon House". Palm Springs Preservation Foundation . Retrieved xv February 2017.
  14. ^ "A Winter Residence in Palm Springs" (PDF). Architectural Assimilate. Autumn 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on Feb 17, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2012. Interior Design past Arthur Elrod, A.I.D. and William Broderick, A.I.D.; Architecture by William Cody, F.A.I.A.
  15. ^ Palm Springs Preservation Foundation: And so and Now
  16. ^ "William Krisel". Palm Springs Mod Committee . Retrieved 15 Feb 2017.
  17. ^ Bradley, Darren (29 June 2013). "Modernist Compages: William Krisel". modernistarchitecture.blogspot.com . Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  18. ^ Leet, Stephen (2004). Richard Neutra's Miller House. New York: Princeton Architectural Printing. p. 191. ISBNone-56898-274-vii. LCCN 2003021531.
  19. ^ Friedman, Alice T. (2010). "2. Palm Springs Eternal: Richard Neutra's Kaufmann Desert Business firm". American Glamour and the Development of Mod Compages . New Haven, CN: Yale Academy Press. pp. 262. ISBN978-0300116540. LCCN 2009032574.
  20. ^ Bricker, Lauren Weiss; Williams, Sidney J. (2011). Steel and Shade: The Architecture of Donald Wexler. Palm Springs, CA: Palm Springs Art Museum. p. 131. ISBN978-0981674346. LCCN 2010043639.
  21. ^ Howser, Huell (September 27, 2002). "'50s Motel – Palm Springs Week (20)". California'due south Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
  22. ^ Colacello, Bob; Becker, Jonathan (photographs) (June 1999). "Palm Springs Weekends" (PDF). Vanity Fair: 192–211. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-xi.
  23. ^ Zahid Sardar (2004-02-01). "Home Is Where the Heath Is: A Bay Surface area pottery tradition continues nether new buying". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2006-09-fourteen .
  24. ^ Meikle, Jeffrey Fifty. "A Newspaper Atlantis". Journal of Design History. 13 (iv): 267–286. doi:10.1093/jdh/13.four.267.
  25. ^ Curt Teich Postcard Archives, Lake Canton Discovery Museum. Retrieved March iv, 2012.
  26. ^ Metropolitan Postcard Society of New York City. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  27. ^ "An Offset Pioneer" in: American Printer, October 1, 2006.
  28. ^ Tichnor Brothers Collection, Boston Public Library.
  29. ^ Mayhew, Augustus (11 July 2011). "Urbane Developments: Miami & Delray". New York Social Diary . Retrieved six February 2017.
  30. ^ Saperstein, Pat (2014-08-07). "David Weidman, Blitheness Artist Whose Piece of work Appeared on 'Mad Men,' Dies at 93". Diverseness . Retrieved 2014-08-29 .

Farther reading [edit]

  • Andersen, Kurt (23 February 1998). Robert Polidori (photographs). "Register of Architecture: Desert Cool" (PDF). The New Yorker. 74 (ii): 128–137. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-17. Retrieved May 23, 2012. (Abstruse: Chronicles the return to fashionability of Palm Springs, including the post-WWII compages of John Lautner, Richard Neutra, and Albert Frey.)
  • Coquelle, Aline (2006). Palm Springs Style. Assouline. p. 192. ISBN978-2843237430.
  • Dailey, Victoria (2003). LA's Early Moderns: Fine art, Architecture, Photography. Princeton Archit. Printing. p. 136. ISBN978-1890449162.
  • Dietsch, Deborah M. (2000). Classic Modernistic: Midcentury Modernistic At Home. Simon & Schuster. p. 208. ISBN978-0684867441.
  • Greensberg, Cara (2000). Mid-Century Modern: Furniture of the 1950s. London: Thamse & Hudson. ISBN978-0500278598. OCLC 901886281. OL 1984249W.
  • Hess, Alan (2007). Forgotten Modern: California Houses 1940–1970. Weintraub, Alan (photographs). Gibbs Smith. p. 280. ISBN978-1586858582.
  • Keith, Michele (2010). "Michael Berman: ... Palm Springs; Alex Hashemite kingdom of jordan: ... Palm Desert". Designers hither and there: within the city and land homes of America'south summit decorators. New York: Monacelli Press. p. 224. ISBN978-1580932462. LCCN 2009042910.
  • Dream Homes Deserts: A Showcase of the Finest Architects, Designers & Builders in Las Vegas, Palm Springs & New United mexican states. Dallas, TX: Panache Partners. 2008. p. 200. ISBN978-1933415284.
  • "Desert Archetype". Metropolitan Dwelling. Hachette Filipacchi II. November–December 2003. ISSN 0273-2858. OCLC 7045895. A pair of artists revitalizes a Neutra landmark by respecting both its architecture and view.
  • "A spectacular renovation in Palm Springs respects the past but pushes the midcentury feel into the time to come". Metropolitan Home. Des Moines, IA: Meredith Corp. March 2006. ISSN 0273-2858. OCLC 14634311.
  • "Palm Springs Infusion: Splashes of color and sophistication revive a desert house". Architectural Digest. New York. February 2008.
  • "Jim Jennings Emphasizing Form & Low-cal in his Elegantly Spare Palm Springs Retreat". Architectural Digest. New York. September 2009.
  • "At Dwelling house in the Desert ... a house about Palm Springs". Architectural Digest. New York. April 2010.

External links [edit]

  • Renovations and Additions to a 1940s Mid Century Modern Residence in Pasadena by architect James V. Coane & Associates
  • Desert Utopia: Mid-Century Architecture in Palm Springs, documentary about Mid-Century Modern in Palm Springs

carverbettly.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-century_modern

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